Monday 30 November 2015

Norway The Amazing Place of Northern Lights and Months Without Sunrise

Norway The Amazing Place of Northern Lights and Months Without SunriseNorway is the place where the nature’s beauty at dawn becomes visible. This brings the uniqueness of Norway from other countries around the world because the so called northern lights are visible in closer view in this place. There are many stories ever told about the northern lights telling about the legends of this place, how it happened and where it started. Reference

Norway The Amazing Place of Northern Lights and Months Without Sunrise

Norway The Amazing Place of Northern Lights and Months Without SunriseNorway is the place where the nature’s beauty at dawn becomes visible. This brings the uniqueness of Norway from other countries around the world because the so called northern lights are visible in closer view in this place. There are many stories ever told about the northern lights telling about the legends of this place, how it happened and where it started. Reference

Exotic places to visit in Shenzhen

Exotic places to visit in ShenzhenThere are so many places to visit in china, but Shenzhen is one of the best to visit for not only recreation but also its available for business purpose. Shenzhen is known as the wealthiest city in china. And its declared as Special Economic Zone. Shenzhen is having its location in the north of Hong Kong special administrative region, having population around 15 million. Shenzhen is so much developed for business and essential facility during the excessive investment of foreign authority. More than $30 million has invested by local and foreign people for the improvement of this city. People from different country visit this city and search a way of investment here.Reference

Exotic places to visit in Shenzhen

Exotic places to visit in ShenzhenThere are so many places to visit in china, but Shenzhen is one of the best to visit for not only recreation but also its available for business purpose. Shenzhen is known as the wealthiest city in china. And its declared as Special Economic Zone. Shenzhen is having its location in the north of Hong Kong special administrative region, having population around 15 million. Shenzhen is so much developed for business and essential facility during the excessive investment of foreign authority. More than $30 million has invested by local and foreign people for the improvement of this city. People from different country visit this city and search a way of investment here.Reference

Sunday 29 November 2015

The Blue Mosque in Turkey

The Blue Mosque in TurkeyThe famous blue mosque commonly known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque After the 14th Sultan Ahmed, who commissioned its construction. It took nearly seven years to build the mosque. The famous mosque was constructed in the locality of the mansion of the Byzantine monarchs which had to be demolished. The spoils of the war were supposed to fund the construction and since Ahmed had no victories he had to fund it from existing funds. The design of the mosque consolidates both Ottoman and Byzantine architecture.

Reference:

https://knowaboutturkey.wordpress.com/2015/01/26/the-blue-mosque-in-turkey/

The Blue Mosque in Turkey

The Blue Mosque in TurkeyThe famous blue mosque commonly known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque After the 14th Sultan Ahmed, who commissioned its construction. It took nearly seven years to build the mosque. The famous mosque was constructed in the locality of the mansion of the Byzantine monarchs which had to be demolished. The spoils of the war were supposed to fund the construction and since Ahmed had no victories he had to fund it from existing funds. The design of the mosque consolidates both Ottoman and Byzantine architecture.

Reference:
https://knowaboutturkey.wordpress.com/2015/01/26/the-blue-mosque-in-turkey/

Canadian Tourism

Canadian TourismCanada is arguably one of the best countries in the whole world. There is something about its reserved serene beauty; untouched and unscathed. Yet it is some of the most developed nations and has an excellent index of quality of human life. Canada may have some of the harshest and severest landscapes, yet behind its cold wintry landscapes it has a big, warm and glowing heart. The kindness and politeness of the people of Canada is inseparable with their national identity. They are world renowned for their hospitality and mild mannered nature.
Reference:
https://nowincanada.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/canadian-tourism/

Esteemed Colleges in the UK

Esteemed Colleges in the UKUK has some of the most desirable nations in the whole world. They also have the world’s finest education, their admirable colleges in the whole world which need little introduction of any sort. The top most colleges in UK offer perhaps the best prospects amongst all colleges in the whole world. Some of the educational programs that these colleges are highly esteemed and respected all over the world

Reference:

https://intheunitedkingdom.wordpress.com/2015/01/10/esteemed-colleges-in-the-uk/

UAE

UAEThe United Arab Emirates also known as Emirates is located in Persian Gulf sharing its borders with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Oman. UAE is a federation governed by Federal Supreme Council which consists of seven emirs of Ajman, Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Fujairah Ras al-Khaimah and umm al-Qaiwain. The Federation has a central budget and all emirates contribute to the budget from their earned revenues. Abu Dhabi is the capital of UAE and emir holding the presidency also belongs to this emirate. Official religion of the state is Islam and government has implemented a policy of tolerance for other religions. National language of the state is Arabic. Majority of the population is migrant and living in the country for employment. Overall climate remains warm throughout the year, July and August are considered hottest months when average temperature remains between 45-47 degree centigrade while from January to February it has a pleasant weather. Reference

UAE

UAEThe United Arab Emirates also known as Emirates is located in Persian Gulf sharing its borders with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Oman. UAE is a federation governed by Federal Supreme Council which consists of seven emirs of Ajman, Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Fujairah Ras al-Khaimah and umm al-Qaiwain. The Federation has a central budget and all emirates contribute to the budget from their earned revenues. Abu Dhabi is the capital of UAE and emir holding the presidency also belongs to this emirate. Official religion of the state is Islam and government has implemented a policy of tolerance for other religions. National language of the state is Arabic. Majority of the population is migrant and living in the country for employment. Overall climate remains warm throughout the year, July and August are considered hottest months when average temperature remains between 45-47 degree centigrade while from January to February it has a pleasant weather. Reference

Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport

Shenzhen Bao’an International AirportShenzhen is one of the famous cities located in the south of China. It is also a neighboring city of HongKong. It is not one of the largest cities and comprised of a single airport known as Shenzhen Bao’anInternational Airport. From the centre of city, the airport is located with the distance of 32 kilometers. It is a public type airport and operates most of the international flights. For the domestic flights, the other airports of Shenzhen are operating well from many years. The city links with the airport through different typesof transport services. These are private vehicles, local taxis, minibuses, regular buses, express shuttle bus, ferry and metro train. It seems quite surprising that Shenzhen provide numerous transport services that connect other cities to the airport.Reference

Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport

Shenzhen Bao’an International AirportShenzhen is one of the famous cities located in the south of China. It is also a neighboring city of HongKong. It is not one of the largest cities and comprised of a single airport known as Shenzhen Bao’anInternational Airport. From the centre of city, the airport is located with the distance of 32 kilometers. It is a public type airport and operates most of the international flights. For the domestic flights, the other airports of Shenzhen are operating well from many years. The city links with the airport through different typesof transport services. These are private vehicles, local taxis, minibuses, regular buses, express shuttle bus, ferry and metro train. It seems quite surprising that Shenzhen provide numerous transport services that connect other cities to the airport.Reference

Saturday 28 November 2015

France – Perfect Place For Lovers

France – Perfect Place For LoversIf you really want to see the number one tourist destination of the world, then you should plan a visit to France. The reason of why it is the number one tourist destination is simple because it has attractions for all tastes. Some of the greatest beaches of Europe are found in France. It has amazing historical places that attract the tourist from all around the world. The mountains of France are very attractive. French cities are the most striking cities of the world. The landscapes of France are just amazing and peaceful. It has splendid forts and beautiful rivers. No other country of Europe has more hotels than France.
Reference:
https://insidefrance.wordpress.com/2015/02/13/france-perfect-place-for-lovers/

Esteemed Colleges in the UK

Esteemed Colleges in the UKUK has some of the most desirable nations in the whole world. They also have the world’s finest education, their admirable colleges in the whole world which need little introduction of any sort. The top most colleges in UK offer perhaps the best prospects amongst all colleges in the whole world. Some of the educational programs that these colleges are highly esteemed and respected all over the world

Reference:

https://intheunitedkingdom.wordpress.com/2015/01/10/esteemed-colleges-in-the-uk/

The Special Delights of Bahraini Cuisine

The Special Delights of Bahraini CuisineLocated near the western shores of the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, officially known as the kingdom of Bahrain, is a small island country. Once the center of the Dilmun civilization, Bahrain is one of the first country to adopt the religion of Islam. Originally ruled by the Arabs, Bahrain was captured by the Portuguese, the Persian emperors, the Al Khalifa royal family and the British. Bahrain gained independence in 1971, but unrests between the Shia and Sunni population has created peace issues for the otherwise highly economically prosperous nation.

A Structural Phenomena of India inspired by Nature

A Structural Phenomena of India inspired by NatureHawa Mahal is the architectural phenomena of India and known as Palace of Winds. It is located at Pink City called Jaipur situated at state of Rajasthan in India. It was built mainly for the royal women who whenever want could see the outside world from the number of windows even without being seen outside of the main building. It is the wall like structure or can say a big screen with lots of small windows called Jarhokha. The structure was built like the Hindu God Lord Krishna’s crown. The palace uses the sandstone of pink and red color and at corner of the City Palace and have a way goes to Zenana (Women’s chamber).Reference

A Structural Phenomena of India inspired by Nature

A Structural Phenomena of India inspired by NatureHawa Mahal is the architectural phenomena of India and known as Palace of Winds. It is located at Pink City called Jaipur situated at state of Rajasthan in India. It was built mainly for the royal women who whenever want could see the outside world from the number of windows even without being seen outside of the main building. It is the wall like structure or can say a big screen with lots of small windows called Jarhokha. The structure was built like the Hindu God Lord Krishna’s crown. The palace uses the sandstone of pink and red color and at corner of the City Palace and have a way goes to Zenana (Women’s chamber).Reference

Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow

Domodedovo International Airport in MoscowDomodedovo is the largest airport in Russia and the former famous USSR in terms of passengers and cargo traffic. It is estimate that close to thirty million passengers uses the airport every year. The airport is located in the town of Domodedovo in Moscow. Reference

Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow

Domodedovo International Airport in MoscowDomodedovo is the largest airport in Russia and the former famous USSR in terms of passengers and cargo traffic. It is estimate that close to thirty million passengers uses the airport every year. The airport is located in the town of Domodedovo in Moscow. Reference

Skiing in New Zealand

Skiing in New ZealandCommercial New Zealand ski areas such as the remarkable all have their own distinct character. Most offer the world class facilities including snow making, the unique state of the art snow grooming and comprehensive base and dining facilities. The smaller club fields like the temple basin are often run by a group of enthusiasts and have simple facilities such as rope tow or T-bar lifts, the obvious generally no snow grooming but good day lodges and often a more social atmosphere.
Reference:
https://insidenewzealand.wordpress.com/2015/02/04/skiing-in-new-zealand/

Friday 27 November 2015

China Manufactured Products Boomed on International Markets

China Manufactured Products Boomed on International MarketsThe growing numbers of product manufacturers in China made this place a very interesting business center around the globe. The manufactured products are openly exported anywhere while these steps also weakens the production of other countries manufactured products because China manufacturers can offer low price and low cost capital for the entrepreneurs. The manufacturers can produce according to the demand of the buyers using the desired materials that can address the markets quality concerns. This type of product distributions among China manufacturers becomes the flexible steps for buyers where they can control the production and yet less in capital value. Reference

China Manufactured Products Boomed on International Markets

China Manufactured Products Boomed on International MarketsThe growing numbers of product manufacturers in China made this place a very interesting business center around the globe. The manufactured products are openly exported anywhere while these steps also weakens the production of other countries manufactured products because China manufacturers can offer low price and low cost capital for the entrepreneurs. The manufacturers can produce according to the demand of the buyers using the desired materials that can address the markets quality concerns. This type of product distributions among China manufacturers becomes the flexible steps for buyers where they can control the production and yet less in capital value. Reference

Weather & Climate in Melbourne

Weather & Climate in MelbourneWeather affects everybody and it is of interest not only to residents but also to visitors. The city of Melbourne enjoys a temperate climate with warm hot summers; spring and autumn are balmy and mild, the winters are very cool. The city is rarely unbearably cold or unbearably hot. The city has a reputation of being a rain city which is statistically unfounded as Melbourne only receives 50 percent of the average rainfall of either Brisbane or Sydney. It is a great place to watch the seasons change, the seasons are so clearly defined and so highly visual within the many parks and gardens of autumn and spring, giving rise to all of nature’s beauty within the confines of a great city.Reference

Weather & Climate in Melbourne

Weather & Climate in MelbourneWeather affects everybody and it is of interest not only to residents but also to visitors. The city of Melbourne enjoys a temperate climate with warm hot summers; spring and autumn are balmy and mild, the winters are very cool. The city is rarely unbearably cold or unbearably hot. The city has a reputation of being a rain city which is statistically unfounded as Melbourne only receives 50 percent of the average rainfall of either Brisbane or Sydney. It is a great place to watch the seasons change, the seasons are so clearly defined and so highly visual within the many parks and gardens of autumn and spring, giving rise to all of nature’s beauty within the confines of a great city.Reference

Thursday 26 November 2015

Take A Refreshing Tour of the Vineyards in India

Take A Refreshing Tour of the Vineyards in IndiaA well-planned tour of the vineyards can bring you close to the Bordeaux’s best or a rendezvous with the famous winemakers in Italy. However, in case you are visiting India, there are many vineries which may interest you and also ensure some exotic wines for your palate. Connoisseurs are busy in predicting an upsurge in the wine production and sales from the Indian wineries and with wine tourism picking its speed, a detour to the vineries and wine tasting sessions can definitely be part of a great holiday package. Reference

Take A Refreshing Tour of the Vineyards in India

Take A Refreshing Tour of the Vineyards in IndiaA well-planned tour of the vineyards can bring you close to the Bordeaux’s best or a rendezvous with the famous winemakers in Italy. However, in case you are visiting India, there are many vineries which may interest you and also ensure some exotic wines for your palate. Connoisseurs are busy in predicting an upsurge in the wine production and sales from the Indian wineries and with wine tourism picking its speed, a detour to the vineries and wine tasting sessions can definitely be part of a great holiday package. Reference

All In Belgium

All In BelgiumBelgium is internationally famous for the chocolates it produces. Belgium produces 270000 metric tons of Chocolates each year & has around 2000 chocolate shops. This Chocolate obsession is fuelled by 150 year old tradition of making the world’s finest chocolate which is smooth, full of flavour & melts in your mouth. Reference

All In Belgium

All In BelgiumThe history of Belgium chocolates goes back to 1635 when the country was under the Spanish rule. Chocolate had just been brought to Europe from South America. Spanish Upper class enjoyed having cocoa as a luxury drink especially in the form of hot chocolate. But it did not become popular with the general public till almost 20th Century. In 1857, Jean Neuhaus opened a Shop in Brussels – the capital if Belgium where he started selling bars of Bitter Chocolate. Slowly the bars became so popular he started making the bars himself. In 1912, his grandson Jean II invented the famous Praline – Hard Chocolate with Soft cream or nut fillings.Reference

A taste of Bangladesh: Common cuisine in Bangladesh

A taste of Bangladesh: Common cuisine in BangladeshUse of multiple spices is pervasive in almost all Bangladeshi foods. They use several different spices in preparation of all their meals. Curry is quite common in their food and is an immaculate representation of their food philosophy. Sabzi, which simply means vegetable is any curry prepared with fish, chicken or vegetables or a combination of the three, which utilizes several spices in its preparation. Their food has an earthy goodness and could overwhelm the senses with the composition of flavors that. Bangladeshi street food is also quite delightful, being filling, hearty and easy to indulge in.

Reference:
https://inthebangladesh.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/bangladeshi-cuisine/

Wednesday 25 November 2015

Australia – The Best Country for Your Investment

Australia – The Best Country for Your InvestmentAre you planning to invest on a business? Are you looking for the best place for it? Then, you should not think twice in considering Australia as one of your top options. Australia has a very prosperous and abundant Western style capitalist kind of economy which could be the number one reasons on why they are praised and known to be one of the best countries perfect for all kind of businesses.

Australia – The Best Country for Your Investment

Australia – The Best Country for Your InvestmentAre you planning to invest on a business? Are you looking for the best place for it? Then, you should not think twice in considering Australia as one of your top options. Australia has a very prosperous and abundant Western style capitalist kind of economy which could be the number one reasons on why they are praised and known to be one of the best countries perfect for all kind of businesses.

A taste of Bangladesh: Common cuisine in Bangladesh

A taste of Bangladesh: Common cuisine in BangladeshBangladesh is a country of many rivers and has few of the most fertile lands all over the world. This greatly reflects in Bangladesh’s culinary traditions as they involve ample use of fish, lentils (Dal) and vegetable that is consumed with rice. Bangladeshi food is also marked with having an extensive spiciness and a rich taste. Almost all Bangladeshi food made in homes or in restaurants is rich in taste and flavor and usually is multidimensional in taste. Bangladeshi food bears similarity with its neighboring regions, yet has its own unique zest about food.
References:
https://inthebangladesh.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/bangladeshi-cuisine/

Tuesday 24 November 2015

The Brazil Carnaval Party

The Brazil Carnaval PartyThe Carnaval festival, with a bright, hedonistic bacchanalia, is celebrated with vigor in practically every town and city in Brazil. The party begins much earlier; although Carnaval is purportedly just five days of carousing, starting from Friday all the way to Tuesday and the preceding Ash Wednesday. Reference

Finland- discover the beauty

Finland- discover the beautyFinland is an amazing tourist destination to spend some days for escaping the daily monotonous and tiring work schedule.The vibrant cities like Helsinki and the Turku make   it even a better place to visit. It is quite strange that even though it has so much to offer, Finland is relatively an unknown corner of Europe. From the vibrant art-filled cities of Helsinki and Turku to the depths of the boreal forests and the thinly-inhabited outer archipelago, itremains one of the prettymysterious corners of Europe. While the towns offer many unique and beautiful cultural and historically significant attractions, the surroundings attract touriststhroughout the year for fun activities.
References:
http://finlandin.tumblr.com/post/104652284451/finland-discover-the-beauty

Media and Communication in Czech Republic

Media and Communication in Czech RepublicThe international dialing code for the Czech Republic is +420 followed by the whole number. In September 2002 regional prefixes became part of telephone numbers and all numbers became nine-digit, all of which must be dialed even if calling within the same town. Mobile phone use is comparable to anywhere in Europe, and there is now one handset for every person in the country. The mobile networks are operated by Eurotel, T-Mobile and Oskar. Reference

Media and Communication in Czech Republic

Media and Communication in Czech RepublicThe international dialing code for the Czech Republic is +420 followed by the whole number. In September 2002 regional prefixes became part of telephone numbers and all numbers became nine-digit, all of which must be dialed even if calling within the same town. Mobile phone use is comparable to anywhere in Europe, and there is now one handset for every person in the country. The mobile networks are operated by Eurotel, T-Mobile and Oskar. Reference

Finland- discover the beauty

Finland- discover the beautyFinland is an amazing tourist destination to spend some days for escaping the daily monotonous and tiring work schedule.The vibrant cities like Helsinki and the Turku make   it even a better place to visit. It is quite strange that even though it has so much to offer, Finland is relatively an unknown corner of Europe. From the vibrant art-filled cities of Helsinki and Turku to the depths of the boreal forests and the thinly-inhabited outer archipelago, itremains one of the prettymysterious corners of Europe. While the towns offer many unique and beautiful cultural and historically significant attractions, the surroundings attract touriststhroughout the year for fun activities.

References:
http://finlandin.tumblr.com/post/104652284451/finland-discover-the-beauty

Baffling Beauty of Beauty of Bahrain

Baffling Beauty of Beauty of BahrainIf you’ve been searching for a new holiday destination but couldn’t settle for any good place, you should probably consider Bahrain. This beautiful country in the Gulf Peninsula offers more than just tourist attractions or a great environment. As a matter of fact, it is quite the tourist attraction for the people who are looking forward to take a good break from monotonous work schedule.

Baffling Beauty of Beauty of Bahrain

Baffling Beauty of Beauty of BahrainIf you’ve been searching for a new holiday destination but couldn’t settle for any good place, you should probably consider Bahrain. This beautiful country in the Gulf Peninsula offers more than just tourist attractions or a great environment. As a matter of fact, it is quite the tourist attraction for the people who are looking forward to take a good break from monotonous work schedule.

Monday 23 November 2015

Malmo International Airport

Malmo International AirportThis is the fifth busy international airport in Sweden that handles more than two million passengers in a year. It is situated in the municipal of Svedala, 28 km in the east of Malmo. The airport only has one passenger terminal and two cargo terminals. There are also 20 aircraft stands at the Malmo international airport.

Malmo International Airport

Malmo International AirportThis is the fifth busy international airport in Sweden that handles more than two million passengers in a year. It is situated in the municipal of Svedala, 28 km in the east of Malmo. The airport only has one passenger terminal and two cargo terminals. There are also 20 aircraft stands at the Malmo international airport.

Sunday 22 November 2015

The Business Etiquette, Rules & Regulations in Belgium

The Business Etiquette, Rules & Regulations in BelgiumAlthough third party introductions are not necessary, they normally smooth the way to the meeting. It does not matter how you are introduced, but you must be very polite and be very well mannered. It is usually prudent to take your time trust Belgians during a business meeting. The Belgians are very careful and very cautious before they trust others be it individuals or representatives of their company. The business dealing tends to be very bureaucratic; it involves a lot of paperwork and procedures hence the need to be patient. The Belgians always prefer subtlety and directness during discussion as they often believe that subtlety is a reflection of intelligence.

The Business Etiquette, Rules & Regulations in Belgiumb

The Business Etiquette, Rules & Regulations in BelgiumbAlthough third party introductions are not necessary, they normally smooth the way to the meeting. It does not matter how you are introduced, but you must be very polite and be very well mannered. It is usually prudent to take your time trust Belgians during a business meeting. The Belgians are very careful and very cautious before they trust others be it individuals or representatives of their company. The business dealing tends to be very bureaucratic; it involves a lot of paperwork and procedures hence the need to be patient. The Belgians always prefer subtlety and directness during discussion as they often believe that subtlety is a reflection of intelligence.

Friday 20 November 2015

The Cities to Visit in Czech Republic

The Cities to Visit in Czech RepublicIn this humble country at the heart of Europe, you can discover a lot of interesting thing in the towns. From castles and chateaux, UNESCO monuments and also fascinating atmosphere of the ancient cities. A visit to the towns in Czech Republic will give you a unique opportunity to treat yourself in the Czech spas and allow yourself to be pampered body and mind. Just stay in the places you like and make time for the unusual experiences according to your taste and inclinations in the fantastic cities in Czech Republic.

The Cities to Visit in Czech Republic

The Cities to Visit in Czech RepublicIn this humble country at the heart of Europe, you can discover a lot of interesting thing in the towns. From castles and chateaux, UNESCO monuments and also fascinating atmosphere of the ancient cities. A visit to the towns in Czech Republic will give you a unique opportunity to treat yourself in the Czech spas and allow yourself to be pampered body and mind. Just stay in the places you like and make time for the unusual experiences according to your taste and inclinations in the fantastic cities in Czech Republic.

Thursday 19 November 2015

Latvia; Famous Tourist Attractions

Latvia; Famous Tourist AttractionsLatvia may not be the very first place that would spring to mind when you discuss travelling to Europe, however, it is still one of the most historically significant places in the continent. If you ever have the liberty to travel to this beautiful country in the Baltic region, be sure to visit these three areas mentioned below.

Latvia; Famous Tourist Attractions

Latvia; Famous Tourist AttractionsLatvia may not be the very first place that would spring to mind when you discuss travelling to Europe, however, it is still one of the most historically significant places in the continent. If you ever have the liberty to travel to this beautiful country in the Baltic region, be sure to visit these three areas mentioned below.

Wednesday 18 November 2015

The Estonian Festivals: The Colorful Events of the Country

The Estonian Festivals: The Colorful Events of the CountryThe Estonia is rich in customs and culture which could be the main reason on why there could be a number of festivals that is being done in the country every now and then. The festivals are the main symbol of the culture of the country especially the tradition of the locals.

The Estonian Festivals: The Colorful Events of the Country

The Estonian Festivals: The Colorful Events of the CountryThe Estonia is rich in customs and culture which could be the main reason on why there could be a number of festivals that is being done in the country every now and then. The festivals are the main symbol of the culture of the country especially the tradition of the locals.

5 TopNatural Places of Pakistan

5 TopNatural Places of PakistanWhen we consider the top natural places in the world, Pakistan has its own special spot on the league tableas it has beautiful places to visit especially in its northern areas. Green valleys, mountains, glaciers, lakes, rivers, and beaches, Pakistan has it all. Here are the 5 best natural places of Pakistan. Neelam Valley